Thermal comfort — pmv と ppd models

Predicted mean vote (pmv) と predicted percentage dissatisfied (ppd) for indoor thermal comfort.

thermalcomfortpmv

Overview

Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment (ASHRAE 55). The most widely used model is the PMV-PPD model by Fanger (ISO 7730).

PMV Scale

PMV	Sensation
+3	Hot
+2	Warm
+1	Slightly warm
0	Neutral
−1	Slightly cool
−2	Cool
−3	Cold

The target for comfort: $-0.5 < PMV < +0.5$

PPD — Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied

$PPD = 100 - 95 \cdot \exp\left(-0.03353 \cdot PMV^4 - 0.2179 \cdot PMV^2\right)$

9 行

PMV vs PPD relationship
PMV	PPD(%)	Sensation
-2	76.8	Cool
-1.5	52.5	Between cool and slightly cool
-1	26.1	Slightly cool
-0.5	10	Neutral-ish
0	5	Neutral
0.5	10	Neutral-ish
1	26.1	Slightly warm
1.5	52.5	Between slightly warm and warm
2	76.8	Warm

出典: ISO 7730

Factors Affecting PMV

Factor	Variable	Typical Office Value
Air temperature	$T_a$	22–24 °C
Mean radiant temp.	$T_r$	≈ $T_a$
Air velocity	$v_a$	< 0.2 m/s
Relative humidity	$RH$	40–60%
Metabolic rate	$M$	1.2 met (seated office)
Clothing insulation	$I_{cl}$	0.5–1.0 clo

Note: Even at PMV = 0, at least 5% of occupants will be dissatisfied — this is the minimum possible PPD.

出典: engineeringtoolbox.com